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SITE GEOLOGY
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TYPES OF MAGMA

Magma - molten rock; produced by melting of pre-existing rock in the Asthensphere by Earth's internal heat; the magma then rises into the Lithosphere and cools on the surface or underground (in the subsurface)

Lava - magma that erupts on the surface of the Earth

Igneous - formed from fire (Latin: ignis = fire)

Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies; two types:

1. Volcanic or Extrusive Igneous Rocks - form on the surface of the Earth from lava (Latin: Vulcan = god of fire)
    
2. Plutonic or Intrusive Igneous Rocks - form in the subsurface from underground magma (Latin: Pluto = god of the underworld)

Four types of magmas: Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, and Ultramafic

Felsic magmas are rich in feldspar and silica.

Mafic magmas are rich in magnesium and iron (Fe) .

Silica (SiO₂) is the primary component of all magmas, but the silica content, temperature, and viscosity of magmas vary.

Magma viscosity is controlled by (1) silica content and (2) temperature. Viscous felsic magmas are cool and have a high silica content. Fluid mafic magmas are hot and have a low silica content.

Table of Magma Characteristics:

Magma type:	Felsic	Intermediate	Mafic	Ultramafic
Silica Content:	high, >65%	intermediate, 53-65%	low, 45-52%	very low, <45%
Temperature:	cooler, <900°C, approx. 800°C	intermediate, 900-1100°C	hotter, >1100°C, approx. 1300°C	Approx. 1400°C
Viscosity:	high: pasty, thick	intermediate	low: fluid	very low: fluid
Na, K, Al	high	intermediate	low	very low
Ca, Fe, Mg	very low	intermediate	high	very high
Eruption:	explosive	intermediate	quiet	(none)
Examples:	Mount St. Helens	Andes Mtns.	Hawaii	Cyprus
Minerals:	Na-rich plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz	plagioclase feldspar, amphibole	Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, olivine	olivine, pyroxene
Plutonic Rocks:	Granite	Diorite	Gabbro	Peridotite
Volcanic Rocks:	Rhyolite	Andesite	Basalt	(none)

Felsic rocks are generally light to pink in color because of the abundance of light-colored minerals: Na-rich plagioclase feldspar (white), quartz (clear), potassium feldspar (pink).

Intermediate rocks are generally dark gray to "salt and pepper" because of the two component minerals: plagioclase feldspar (white) and amphibole (black).

Mafic rocks are generally dark in color because of the Ca-, Fe-, and Mg-rich minerals: Ca-rich plagiolclase feldspar (dark gray), pyroxene (dark green to black).

Source: Miami University