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Magnetic Signature of Some Garnets

Magnets can lose some of their magnetic properties if they are dropped or heated. Their magnetic domains can be rattled or melted out of alignment. Properties of ferromagnetism change because a solid-state phase transition at a characteristic transition temperature. Above the critical temperature, known as Curie temperature, thermal energy is sufficient to break the alignment of the spins and the material exhibits simple paramagnetism. At and below Curie temperature, the aligning forces overcome thermal randomization, the spins are locked in alignment, and the material becomes ferromagnetic. The Curie point of nickel or iron can be demonstrated in the laboratory by using just a few simple materials.

Ferrimagnetism differs from ferromagnetism. Ferrimagnets occur when ions with different number of unpaired electrons are positioned in a crystal lattice such that some electon spins are opposing each other somewhat. Ferrimagnets have their magnetic intensity affected when thermal energy randomizes the spins and decreases the antiparallel spin effect.

Rare earth iron garnets are solids which exhibit cooperative ferrimagnetic behavior. This depends upon the relationship among their composition, crystal structure and temperature. Garnets form solid solutions which permits changing composition when ions are similar in size. This results in a range of magnetic intensity. By varying the ratios of Gd and Fe in the solid Solution, Yx Gd3-x Fe5 O12 , garnets can be ãtunedä to produce the desired magnetic moment. The magnetic properties of these garnets vary around a compensation temperature.